Mortality factors are modelled by fuzzy numbers when pricing substandard annuities. Fuzzy mortality factors are then estimated by confidence intervals. A fuzzy inference system is designed to determine substandard annuity payments. Numerical [...]
Modal Interval Probability: Application to Bonus-Malus Systems
thomaswe2021-02-21T05:54:29+00:00Classical intervals have been a very useful tool to analyze uncertain and imprecise models, in spite of operative and interpretative shortcomings. The recent introduction of modal intervals helps to overcome those limitations. [...]